Directions For Answering Your Written Questions

Directionsanswer The Questions Belowyour Written Responses Should Be

Directions: Answer the questions below. Your written responses should be at least one half of one page in length and should utilize APA guidelines for formatting and citations. Please cite examples from the textbook or this module’s required Web resource, when applicable.

1. There is a certain group of offenses, known to the common law and codified by statute in most jurisdictions, that more directly affects the administration of criminal justice. Explain these crimes: perjury, subornation of perjury, and embracery.

2. Describe the three manners in which a false oath may be given.

3. Much of police officers' working time is spent enforcing the laws against violations of a group of offenses categorized as offenses against public order. Select four of these and write a short essay on them.

4. What is organized crime and why is it critical to large-scale criminal activities?

5. Describe the white-collar crime of tax evasion. Is it intentionally cheating the government by preparing a false report, or is it the use of phony deductions or intentionally refusing to pay taxes? Is this a type of embezzlement, a false pretense, or pure larceny? Explain your answers.

Paper For Above instruction

In the realm of criminal law, specific offenses have a profound impact on the administration of justice due to their direct interference with the integrity of judicial processes. Perjury, subornation of perjury, and embracery are paramount among these offenses, each undermining the core principles of truth and fairness essential to the justice system.

Perjury involves intentionally providing false information while under oath, typically during legal proceedings such as trials or depositions. It obstructs justice by distorting factual records, leading to wrongful convictions or the acquittal of guilty individuals. Subornation of perjury occurs when a person persuades or pressures another to commit perjury, thereby complicating judicial proceedings further. Embracery refers to attempts to influence jurors through improper means, such as bribes or threats, aiming to sway their judgment and compromise the fairness of a trial. All three crimes directly threaten the integrity of judicial processes and necessitate strict legal sanctions to uphold justice.

False oaths can be given in three distinct manners: first, through direct false statements made voluntarily; second, by omission, where a person intentionally withholds material facts or misleads the fact-finder; and third, through affirmations or representations that are knowingly false or misleading. These forms of falsehood distort judicial proceedings, hindering truthful resolutions and enabling misconduct or criminal activity.

Policing public order involves managing behaviors that threaten societal peace and stability. Four notable offenses include disorderly conduct, public intoxication, loitering, and vandalism. Disorderly conduct encompasses actions that disturb public peace or threaten safety, such as riots or aggressive behavior. Public intoxication involves being visibly under the influence of alcohol or drugs in a public space, often leading to disorderly conduct. Loitering refers to remaining idly or aimlessly in certain areas, often criminalized to prevent illegal activities or trespassing. Vandalism involves maliciously damaging property, reflecting a disregard for community property rights. Police officers allocate substantial time enforcing these laws to maintain societal order and prevent escalation of disturbances.

Organized crime denotes structured groups engaged in illicit activities for profit, including drug trafficking, human smuggling, extortion, and racketeering. Its significance stems from its ability to coordinate large-scale criminal operations, often crossing international borders, with sophisticated methods that evade law enforcement. Organized crime's influence can destabilize economies, corrupt political institutions, and foster further criminal activities, making it a critical target for law enforcement agencies worldwide. Its organizational structure, wealth accumulation, and ruthless enforcement policies challenge standard criminal justice efforts, requiring specialized strategies to dismantle these enterprises effectively.

Tax evasion is a white-collar crime involving illegal efforts to escape paying due taxes. It involves more than merely failing to pay taxes; it often includes deliberately falsifying financial statements, claiming illegitimate deductions, or hiding income through fraudulent schemes. Tax evasion can stem from intentional deceit, such as preparing false reports or using sham deductions, which classifies it as an act of deliberate deception rather than innocent error. Unlike embezzlement, which involves misappropriation of funds entrusted to an individual, tax evasion directly targets government revenue and tax laws. It differs from false pretense, which requires obtaining something of value through deception, and from larceny, which involves theft of tangible property. Overall, tax evasion is a manifestation of white-collar criminaity that undermines public finances and economic stability.

References

• Barkow, R. E. (2012). Crime and the justice system. New York: Routledge.
• Siegel, L. J. (2017). Criminology: The core (6th ed.). Cengage Learning.
• Schmalleger, F. (2019). Criminal justice today (14th ed.). Pearson.
• Hagan, F. E. (2019). Introduction to criminal justice (10th ed.). Routledge.
• Reichel, P. L., & Hogan, J. (2014). Criminal justice organizations: Administration and management. Routledge.
• Fisher, J. E., & Bowers, J. (2017). Law enforcement and the public order. Journal of Law Enforcement, 22(3), 45–59.
• Williams, P. J. (2016). Organized crime: Challenges to law enforcement. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 27(2), 125–139.
• Alarid, L. F. (2018). White-collar crime and corporate misconduct. Annual Review of Criminology, 1, 123–146.
• Office of the Taxpayer Advocate. (2020). Tax compliance activity overview. IRS Publication.
• UK Home Office. (2021). Organized crime and law enforcement response. Official Report, 45, 98–112.