Early Methods Section1 Early Methods Section Tony Williams A

Early Methods Section1early Methods Sectiontony Williamsargosy Unive

What is your research question? Do the indirect or direct exposures have influence for misinformation effecting testimony and eyewitness memory?

What is your hypothesis or hypotheses? What is the null hypothesis? Hypothesis: Exposure towards misinformation leads to human memory distortions for events that are genuinely experienced and also individual details, places, and things and observer’s are misinformed thus portraying untrue information. Null Hypothesis: The human memory is unaffected on events that are experienced, also individual details, places, and things and observer’s are not misinformed which does not portray untrue information.

How many participants would you like to use and why? What are the inclusion characteristics, i.e., what must they have in order to be included in your study (for example, gender, diagnosis, age, personality traits, etc.)? Are there any exclusion characteristics, i.e., are there certain characteristics that would exclude them from being in your study? Does the sample need to be diverse? Why or why not? For such study 120 contestants, 60 female and 60 male members are used. The group comprises of persons between 18-55 years age. I have chosen 120 contestants representing equal gender split. They are split in 3 age groups, like 18-30, 31-44, and 45-55. This places 40 individuals in every group. The ethnicity and race are divided evenly between the groups. Excluding one criteria that individuals below 18 and over 55 years cannot participate. I rely as the sample is not diversified for generalizing my findings to the adults. Study cannot be completed by females only and the results are expected for males too.

What sampling technique will be used to collect your sample? What population does your sample generalize to? Sampling technique used to collect the sample is convenience sampling. This is due to cost effectiveness and ease. It also provides the ability for choosing number of participants required. Individuals are invited to participate in the study till the amount desired and diversity is fulfilled. Though convenience sampling is not greatly reviewed for generalizing the population, but if properly conducted between the parameters suggested above, the study must be generalized to the population of adults. There is no specific exclusion or inclusion criteria can control the generalization of a particular group. I have planned for splitting the gender for getting the equal percentage of ethnicities/race involved in the study and uniformly representing it in every age group. This helps towards better generalization of the general population study.

What are the variables in your study? HINT: Refer back to your hypothesis or hypotheses. The variables in the study include gender, race, age and ethnicity. The environment must be variable and the person must present the information. The information given by itself is considered a variable for few misinformation received and some not. The method that presents information is a variable too as few may be receiving misinformation through a person’s discussion read in a paragraph style. The event observed is a variable. The participant’s survey taken is also a variable.

Provide operational definitions for each variable. Gender : Relates to sex of a person. Age : The consideration of the number of passing years since birth determined by deducting the birth year and the current year. Subtract 1 for reaching month and day. Race : A communal concept for classifying humans by cultural, anatomical, ethnic, geographical, genetic, historical, religious, linguistic and communal affiliation. Ethnicity : classifying person’s as African American, European American, Pacific Islander/ Asian American, Native American, Latino or Other. Information : details or Facts of a subject; understanding for obtaining someone or something. Misinformation : Information which is intentionally untrue and inaccurate which is deliberately spread. Discussion : conversation among a person(s) on a topic(s) for reaching a decision or for exchanging information and ideas. Event : An incident, something which happens, or is considered as happening in a specific place in a specific time interval. Survey : “Method of collection of information or facts as stated by people. This type of collection of data is called self-report data that implies that the people have completed the survey themselves” (Alleydog.com, 2014).

How will you measure each variable? Discuss the reliability and validity of these measures in general terms. Gender : measuring is nominal be it female or male. The measure is trustworthy for measuring a person’s gender as female or male. It is valid logically for measuring the measure intended. Age : is calculated on time scale. The measure is trustworthy for measurement is either within age group or not. It has validity for providing a measurement of person’s age. Race : measured in categories of Indian American or Alaska Native, African or Black American, Asian Hawaiian Native or Pacific Islander, or White. This is trustworthy as the individual gives same answers to the question and is valid for measuring the measure intended. Ethnicity : measured in categories of Latino or Hispanic or Not Hispanic or Latino. This is trustworthy as the individual gives same answers to the question and is valid for measuring the measure intended. Misinformation : measured in a nominal point with received and non received categories. This is trustworthy as it is known whether the contestants received or have not received misinformation. It is valid as it is answerable to the question on participant’s getting misinformation or not.

What technique will be used for data collection (e.g., observation, survey, interview, archival, etc.)? The technique used for data collection is watching video clip and preparing with pencil and paper for survey questionnaire having numerous steps.

What type of research design is being used? Research design is being used is correlational research. This research type helps in relationships among two or even more than two variables like misinformation receiving and its effect on the memory of eyewitness and testimony. We will utilize a quantitative technique. We are utilizing a research survey design involving questionnaire for gathering information from the contestants.

Briefly discuss the procedure that would be followed when conducting the research. The contestants will be watching a video of two minute on crime. Then they will cover the survey having multiple stages. The first stage includes word search, crossword puzzles, Sudoku and mazes where 8 minutes work time is given. The next part includes narrative. One narrative version depicts the video clip events with true data’s and details and a variant version containing misleading data in five parts of untrue information. They have only 3 minutes for reading the narrative. After they have read the narrative, contestants will be handing over and completing a questionnaire on the event witnessed containing 20 questions, five of which address the misleading data on the surveys with misleading information. Participants in discussion team are instructed for discussing the questions collaboratively with their partners and can select a single response to the asked questions. They have 10 minutes for completing the survey. This is followed by four demographic questions on gender, race, age and ethnicity with 5 minutes for completion. After 5 minutes another question is given including a free recalling prompt, following 20 more recalling questions for both group’s individuals. 10 minutes is given for completing this questionnaire and are instructed for continuing with filler activities when time is left.

What are some potential ethical issues? How might they be addressed? Some potential ethical issues are-: · Careful access to research interpretation, data collection and survey. · Acknowledgment of the surveys repeatedly with utilization of the information. · Aiming for advancement in the research and knowledge.

References

• Alleydog.com. (2014, January 1). Survey. Retrieved November 19, 2014, from https://alleydog.com
• Argosy University Online. (2014, January 1). Research Methods Module 1- Module 3. Retrieved November 19, 2014, from //4xGN6qdrZ86vKRPLAncccqnKo9fR/7rz7deMbJF5F v39z5aoEL&sessionFirstAuthStore=true&macid=tBumIee7T6ii8Ydl1uinSpoFk5toNhAsRXyEm3P27ex4PI8u/
• Carroll, S. (n.d.). Types of research designs you can use for your dissertation. Retrieved November 19, 2014, from
• Cohen, E. (2009, September 19). Measurement. Retrieved November 19, 2014, from 4 handout Measurement.pdf
• Convenience sampling | Là¦rd Dissertation. (2012, January 1). Retrieved November 19, 2014, from
• Santayana, G. (2011, July 17). Measurement in Research. Retrieved November 19, 2014, from
• Shaughnessy, J., Zechmeister, E., & Zechmeister, J. (2008). Research Methods In Psychology, 8th Edition. [VitalSource Bookshelf version]. Retrieved from
• Types of Variables. (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2014, from