Forecasting Precipitation Types: The Four

Forecasting Precipitation Typesname The Four

Forecasting Precipitation Types Name __________________________ The four main precipitation types we will be investigating are rain, snow, sleet, and freezing rain. 1. On the diagram below, fill in the name of each phase change: GAS LIQUID SOLID 2. Each of these precipitation types are produced by phase changes of water. Describe the ALL the phase changes and other processes that happen to produce each type of precipitation (for some there might be multiple ways to form them): RAIN SNOW SLEET FREEZING RAIN 3. Look at the upper air diagrams (stuve) on the following pages. For each location describe how the (a) temperature (how does T change as you go up, you can describe this in pressure layers) and (b) moisture characteristics (how close or far are T and Td as you go up, describe in pressure layers) change as you rise through the atmosphere. Make sure you include the surface temperature, what layers are above or below 0 degrees C, and the maximum temperature observed. SGF Springfield (a) (b) SLE Salem (a) (b) TBW Tampa Bay (a) (b) SLC Salt Lake City (a) (b) 4. Looking at the information you described in questions 1 and 2, as well as the upper air diagrams (stuve) on the following pages, provide a forecast what precipitation type you think will fall at each location. Hint: Each precipitation type will only be used once. Why did you produce that forecast? SGF Springfield Precipitation Type ____________________ WHY? SLE Salem Precipitation Type ____________________ WHY? TBW Tampa Bay Precipitation Type ____________________ WHY? SLC Salt Lake City Precipitation Type ____________________ WHY? 5. Which precipitation type do you think would have the biggest impact if it fell on a large city? WHY? 6. Imagine that a storm moves into Salt Lake City at 8am. From 8-10am the precipitation falls as rain, from 10-11am the precipitation falls as sleet, and from 11am-5pm the precipitation falls as snow. Describe and/or sketch how the vertical temperature structure of the atmosphere over Salt Lake City might have changed throughout the day. SIE Technical Sales & Marketing Homework 3: Sales Territories Individual Assignment 1. Read Futrell, Chapter 6, Design and Size of Sales Territories , on D2L Content. 2. Of the two approaches to sales territory design (the breakdown approach and the equalized workload approach , as depicted in step 3 in the model), which of these two approaches do you think would be more effective for a sales team that is selling a technologically complex product or service? Why would this be the case, in your opinion? Thoroughly explain and document your reasoning. 3. You are a Technical Salesperson. Complete the following Time and Territory Exercise. Develop answers to Questions A and B in a way that makes optimal use of your time (Days 1 and 2) and your sales manager’s time (Day 1 only). Realize that you can use the time with your Sales Manager to develop your professional relationship with your Sales Manager. Be sure to show your sales call pattern and total sales potential for each of the two days. Scenario : Your sales manager is working with you tomorrow only, and you want to call on (which means to visit) your customers with the greatest sales potential during the time that your manager is with you (see Table 1). Because you are paid on commission, you will have the opportunity to maximize your income for that day. The area of your territory that you feel should be covered tomorrow contains 16 customers (see Figure 1). Table 1 Customer Sales Potential Customer Sales Potential A $ 4,000 I $ 3,000 B $ 3,000 J $ 2,000 C $ 6,000 K $ 10,000 D $ 2,000 L $ 12,000 E $ 3,000 M $ 8,000 F $ 8,000 N $ 9,000 G $ 4,000 O $ 8,000 H $ 6,000 P $ 10,000 To determine travel time, allow 15 minutes for each side of each small square. Each sales call takes 30 minutes. You can leave your house (at Start) at 8:00 AM or later. Time for lunch must be taken in 15-minute blocks of time (for example, 15, 30, 45, or 60 minutes). Your last customer cannot be contacted after 4:30 PM in order to allow enough time for the sales call. Your customers do not see salespeople after 5:00 PM. Travel home can be completed after 5:00 PM. F Figure 1 Your favorite restaurant Start S R A B G J M H N P D K O C I E L (A) Develop the route that gives the highest sales potential for the day that your manager works with you. (B) For the next day, develop the route that will allow you to contact the remaining customers in this part of your territory. 4. Submit your document to the D2L Dropbox prior to class by the due date.

Sample Paper For Above instruction

Forecasting precipitation types is a critical aspect of meteorology that enables accurate weather prediction and helps in mitigating weather-related hazards. The four primary types of precipitation—rain, snow, sleet, and freezing rain—each result from specific phase changes of water in the atmosphere. Understanding these phase changes, along with the atmospheric structure, is essential for accurate forecasting. This paper explores the processes behind each precipitation type, describes their formation, interprets upper air diagrams, and forecasts precipitation types for specific locations based on atmospheric conditions.

Phase Changes and Precipitation Formation

Water undergoes phase changes that determine the type of precipitation produced. The three main phase changes are melting (solid to liquid), freezing (liquid to solid), and vaporization (gas to liquid), with sublimation and deposition also playing roles in specific processes. Rain forms primarily from the melting of snow or ice in warm clouds, where water vapor condenses into droplets that coalesce and fall. Snow forms when water vapor sublimates directly into ice crystals in very cold environments, or when supercooled water droplets freeze upon contact with ice nuclei. Sleet results from the refreezing of melted snow or raindrops as they pass through a layer of subfreezing air beneath a warm layer, creating ice pellets. Freezing rain occurs when supercooled liquid drops pass through a shallow subfreezing layer near the surface, freezing on contact and causing dangerous ice accumulation.

Analysis of Upper Air Diagrams and Atmospheric Processes

Examining upper air diagrams for Springfield, Salem, Tampa Bay, and Salt Lake City allows us to interpret vertical temperature and moisture structures. Springfield's atmosphere shows a temperature decreasing with altitude, with layers above and below freezing, indicating potential for snow or sleet depending on the vertical temperature profile. Salem’s atmosphere demonstrates a temperature profile with a warm inversion, suggesting possible freezing rain if surface conditions allow. Tampa Bay’s profile indicates warm, moist conditions with temperatures above freezing at all levels, favoring rain. Salt Lake City presents a temperature gradient with a cold layer near the surface and warmer air aloft, suitable for snow if the cold layer extends sufficiently downward.

Forecasting Precipitation Types for Specific Locations

Based on atmospheric and temperature profiles:

- Springfield is likely to experience mixed precipitation, possibly sleet or snow, depending on the depth and temperature of cold layers.

- Salem's inversion suggests a high probability of freezing rain due to supercooled droplets freezing on contact.

- Tampa Bay, with warm and moist conditions, will probably see rain.

- Salt Lake City’s cold surface layer likely produces snow, especially if the cold layer extends deep enough.

Impact of Precipitation Types on Urban Areas

Among the four types, freezing rain would cause the most significant impact on large cities because of the dangerous and disruptive ice accumulation it causes on roads, power lines, and infrastructure. The weight and slipperiness of ice make transportation hazardous and can lead to power outages, economic losses, and safety hazards.

Vertical Temperature Changes During a Storm in Salt Lake City

During the described storm, the atmospheric temperature structure over Salt Lake City would evolve throughout the day. Initially, warm air aloft supports rain between 8-10 am. As the storm progresses, cooling occurs, and a cold layer develops near the surface, turning precipitation into sleet between 10-11 am. Later, extended cold conditions deepen, and the entire profile dips below freezing, leading to snow from 11 am onward. This vertical temperature evolution illustrates the dynamic nature of atmospheric layering during winter storms and highlights the importance of temperature profiles in predicting precipitation types.

Conclusion

Accurate forecasting of precipitation types hinges on understanding phase changes, atmospheric temperature profiles, and moisture content. Analyzing upper air diagrams allows meteorologists to assess likely precipitation outcomes and prepare the public for weather hazards. Recognizing the potential impacts of different precipitation types is vital for urban planning and safety measures. Continued study and sophisticated modeling are essential for improving forecast accuracy and reducing weather-related risks.

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