Genetics Practice Worksheet 2 Module 4 These Exercises Help

Genetics Practice Worksheet 2 Module 4these Exercises Help To Cem

These exercises help to “cement†the information in our brain so we can use that learning in our other tasks, both in life and in this course. When we exercise our thinking outside of reading and speaking, we remember better and accomplish more. Goal of this activity · To solve problems with traits: both phenotypes and genotypes Steps for Success with this activity 1. Look through the entire document, making note of what you have seen or heard previously. Rely on your prior learning! Use that learning to build more. 2. Work through the problems in any order. a. This study of Mendel is important for success in Module 4’s Infographic project. b. Sometimes starting with the last page will help you see the reason to learn the 1st page. 3. Work hard before you consult the answer page! Healthy frustration is the foundation of real learning, so let yourself be in a bit a “quandary†before you check your answers. 4. Bring all questions and inconsistencies to the Tech Live sessions. TOPICS and ACTIVITIES A. Explain the scientific reasons for the success of Mendel’s experimental work (OpenStax, Concepts of Biology, section 8.. Who was Gregor Mendel? a) Timeframe (century) = b) Occupation = c) How could he do this work? = 2. Name the “model system†that Mendel used and the reasons for the powerful results: a) Model system = b) Reason for success #1 = c) Reason for success #2 = d) Reason for success #3 = B. Explain the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes in dominant and recessive gene systems (OpenStax, section 8.. Define: a) Chromosome = b) Allele = c) Trait = d) Phenotype = e) Genotype = Relationship between genotypes and phenotypes (continued from page. When a eukaryotic offspring receives genetics from each parent, the sperm and egg (or pollen and ova in plants) each contribute 1 set of chromosomes. Those chromosomes – unless the organism has been in-bred for generations – can bring different traits. The following terms explain appearance of those traits. 3. Define: a) Homozygous = b) Heterozygous = c) Dominant = d) Recessive = RULES for solving genetics problems: · For each of the genotypes, CAPITAL letter = DOMINANT; lowercase letter = recessive. · Each parent will contribute one “letter†to the offspring, whose phenotype results. 4. For each of the genotypes (AA, Aa, or aa), state the phenotype: a) Purple flowers are dominant to white: PP Pp pp b) Hairy knuckles are dominant to non-hairy: HH Hh hh 5. State whether the phenotype will be homozygous dominant, heterozygous, or homozygous recessive: a) AA c) tt b) Gg d) Pp C. Use a Punnett square to calculate the expected outcomes of a cross following only one trait (OpenStax, Figures 8.8 and 8.. Using the informatio③④n from “Bâ€, above, complete a Punnett Square to determine the predicted outcomes: STEP 1: Determine the parents’ genotype â‘ AA (Dad) and Aa (Mom) â‘¡ A A STEP 2: Separate the two alleles into columns on the table · Mom’s to the left side â‘¡ A A A A A · Dad’s on the top STEP 3: Write Dad’s alleles (separately) down to each box STEP 4: Write Mom’s alleles (separately) across to each box a A a A a STEP 5: Calculate the results (according to #5, above) 2. Try two more on your own: BIO 1000 – Module 4 Worksheet #2, page . Would you like to try more? Here are two EXTRA CREDIT exercises: D. Explain Mendel’s law of segregation and independent assortment in terms of genetics (OpenStax, section 8.2, half-way down ) 1. Restate in your own words: a) Law of Segregation of alleles = b) Law of Independent Assortment = 2. Application questions: · How do I see these laws play out in my family’s traits? image1.png image2.png image3.png image4.png “How To†Resources for Infographics The following resources will provide you with options for how to create different deliverables for your assignments. Infographics: • Microsoft Infographics Templates: • “How to Make an Infographic in Word†(Infographic Website): • “How to Make an Infographic for Free with PowerPoint†(MUO website) • “How to Make Infographics with PowerPoint†(CopyPress website) powerpoint-2/ • Videos: o How to create an infographic in 5 Steps - o How To Create Infographics (The Ultra-Simple & Easy Way) - in Canva o Make an infographic from word or PPT “How To†Resources for Creative Deliverables Infographics: Brochures: Video Presentations:

Sample Paper For Above instruction

Gregor Mendel, often referred to as the "father of genetics," conducted pioneering experiments in the 19th century that laid the foundation for our understanding of heredity. Living in the 1800s, Mendel was a monk and a scientist who used controlled experiments to decipher how traits are inherited in organisms. His success can be attributed to his choice of the pea plant as a model system, which offered clear and easily observable traits, making it an ideal organism for genetic studies. Mendel's systematic approach, including the use of large sample sizes and quantitative analysis, allowed him to uncover consistent patterns of inheritance known today as Mendel's Laws.

The relationship between genotypes and phenotypes is central to understanding inheritance patterns. In dominant and recessive gene systems, each organism inherits two alleles for a trait—one from each parent. A genotype refers to the genetic makeup (e.g., AA, Aa, aa), while the phenotype is the physical expression of these genes (e.g., purple or white flowers). In these systems, dominant alleles mask the expression of recessive alleles when present. For instance, the purple flower trait is dominant over white; individuals with Aa or AA genotypes display purple flowers, whereas only aa genotype results in white flowers.

Homozygous individuals possess two identical alleles, such as AA or aa, resulting in a uniform phenotype. Heterozygous individuals have two different alleles, like Aa, which typically express the dominant phenotype. Mendel’s principles are summarized in two key laws: the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment. The Law of Segregation states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation, so each gamete carries only one allele for each gene. The Law of Independent Assortment posits that genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other, leading to various combinations in offspring.

Using Punnett squares helps illustrate how parental alleles combine during reproduction. For example, crossing a homozygous dominant (AA) with a heterozygous (Aa) parent results in a predictable phenotype distribution: 50% homozygous dominant and 50% heterozygous, with all exhibiting the dominant trait. This method allows genetic prediction and understanding of inheritance patterns.

Applying Mendel’s laws to human traits, such as eye color or blood type, reveals much about familial inheritance patterns. Observing traits across generations demonstrates how these genetic principles operate in real life. Understanding these concepts is crucial for fields like medicine, agriculture, and evolutionary biology, where predicting traits can influence health, crop yields, and understanding population dynamics.

References

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• OpenStax. (2020). Concepts of Biology. OpenStax CNX. https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/8-introduction-to-mendelian-genetics
• Verdwyn, Science, & Holtz, D. (2018). Genetics: Analysis and Principles (6th ed.). Pearson.
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• Griffiths, A. J., Wessler, S. R., Carroll, S. B., & Doebley, J. (2019). Introduction to Genetic Analysis. W. H. Freeman.
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• Bateson, W. (1909). Mendel's Principles of Heredity. Cambridge University Press.
• Fisher, R. A. (1918). The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
• Hartl, D. L. (2000). Toward a Concept of Genetic Fitness. Theoretical Population Biology, 57(1), 1-9.