Nint 6 Reproduction And Development Chapter 45 Male Reproduc

Nint 6 Reproduction And Developmentchapter 45 Male Reproductive Sys

Nint 6 Reproduction And Developmentchapter 45 Male Reproductive Sys

Identify the male essential and accessory organs of reproduction. Describe the location, shape, and subdivisions of the perineum. Describe the location, the size and the shape of the testes. List two primary functions of the testes, and identify the cell type or structure involved in each function. List the general functions of testosterone. List, in sequence, the reproductive ducts sperm pass through from formation to ejaculation. What is the structural relationship between the prostate gland and urethra? What factors influence male fertility? What are the essential organs of the female reproductive system? List the major accessory organs of the female reproductive system. Describe the location of the ovaries. List the two major functions of the ovaries. Name the principal layers of the uterine wall. Describe the anatomical position of the uterus. How is it held in place? List the chief functions of the uterus. What are the functions of the uterine (fallopian) tubes? List three functions of the vagina. What is the difference between menstrual (endometrial) cycle and ovarian cycle? What is menopause? What causes menopause to occur?

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Nint 6 Reproduction And Developmentchapter 45 Male Reproductive Sys

Nint 6 Reproduction And Developmentchapter 45 Male Reproductive Sys

The male reproductive system comprises essential organs that generate sperm and produce hormones, along with accessory organs that facilitate reproduction. The essential organs include the testes, which are responsible for spermatogenesis and hormone production, and the reproductive ducts through which sperm travel. The accessory organs include the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands, which support sperm maturation, storage, and ejaculation.

Location, Shape, and Subdivisions of the Perineum

The perineum is the region between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx, extending between the thighs. It is roughly diamond-shaped and can be subdivided into the urogenital triangle anteriorly and the anal triangle posteriorly. The urogenital triangle contains the external genitalia and reproductive organs, while the anal triangle surrounds the anal opening.

Location, Size, and Shape of the Testes

The testes are oval-shaped organs approximately 4-5 cm long and 2-3 cm wide, located within the scrotum, which maintains them at a temperature slightly lower than core body temperature, optimal for sperm production.

Functions of the Testes and Cell Types

The primary functions of the testes are to produce sperm (spermatogenesis) and secrete testosterone. Spermatogenesis involves germ cells called spermatogonia dividing and differentiating into mature spermatozoa. Testosterone is produced by Leydig cells (interstitial cells), which are situated between the seminiferous tubules.

General Functions of Testosterone

Testosterone is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as increased muscle and bone mass, deepening of the voice, the growth of facial and body hair, and the development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues.

Reproductive Ducts Sperm Pass Through

  1. Seminiferous tubules (site of sperm formation)
  2. Efferent ductules
  3. Epididymis
  4. Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
  5. Ejaculatory duct
  6. Urethra (penile urethra)

Relationship Between the Prostate Gland and Urethra

The prostate gland surrounds the prostatic urethra, a segment of the urethra passing through the prostate. It secretes fluids that form part of semen and helps propel semen through the urethra during ejaculation.

Factors Influencing Male Fertility

Factors include sperm count and motility, hormonal balance, testicular health, lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption, environmental exposures, and overall health.

Essential and Major Female Reproductive Organs

The essential female reproductive organs include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. Major accessory organs comprise the breasts, labia, clitoris, and external genitalia.

Location of the Ovaries

The ovaries are located on each side of the uterus within the ovarian fossae, which are shallow depressions on the lateral pelvic wall, resting against the lateral pelvic wall and maintained in position by ligaments.

Functions of the Ovaries

The ovaries have two primary functions: producing oocytes (ova) for fertilization and secreting hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle and support pregnancy.

Principal Layers of the Uterine Wall

The uterine wall consists of three layers: the endometrium (inner mucosal layer), myometrium (middle muscular layer), and perimetrium (outer serosal layer).

Position and Support of the Uterus

The uterus is a pear-shaped organ located anteflexed in the pelvis, with its broad base supported by ligaments such as the broad ligament, cardinal ligament, and uterosacral ligaments, which hold it in place within the pelvic cavity.

Functions of the Uterus

The uterus functions to support fetal development during pregnancy, regulate the menstrual cycle through endometrial shedding, and facilitate implantation of the fertilized egg.

Functions of the Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes

The uterine tubes transport the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus, provide the site for fertilization, and support early embryo development.

Functions of the Vagina

The vagina serves as the canal for menstrual flow, receives the penis during sexual intercourse, and acts as the birth canal during delivery.

Differences Between Menstrual and Ovarian Cycles

The menstrual cycle involves changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus, while the ovarian cycle involves the maturation and release of oocytes from the ovaries. Although related, they are regulated by different hormonal controls.

Menopause and Its Causes

Menopause is the cessation of menstrual cycles, marking the end of reproductive years, typically occurring between ages 45-55. It is caused by decreased ovarian hormone production, particularly estrogen and progesterone, due to the depletion of ovarian follicles.

References

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