Perspectives Redefining Physicians' Role In Assisted Dying

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Perspective Redefining Physicians' Role in Assisted Dying Julian J.Z. Prokopetz, B.A., and Lisa Soleymani Lehmann, M.D., Ph.D. N Engl J Med 2012; 367:97-99 July 12, 2012 Interview with Dr. Lisa Lehmann on the physician’s role in assisted dying for terminally ill patients. (16:20) · Listen · Download Terminally ill patients spend their final months making serious decisions about medical care and the disposition of their assets after death. Increasingly, they are also choosing to make decisions about the manner and timing of their death, and many are completing advance directives to withhold life-sustaining treatment.

A controversial facet of this trend toward a more self-directed dying process is the question of assisted dying — whether patients should have the option of acquiring a lethal dose of medication with the explicit intention of ending their own life. This practice is generally illegal, but there is a movement toward greater social and legal acceptance. The Netherlands had a long history of court-regulated assisted dying before official legislative recognition, and some Western European countries have followed its lead. Oregon became the first U.S. state to legalize assisted dying when it passed the Death with Dignity Act (DWDA) through a voter referendum in 1997. Since 2008, six states have considered the issue legislatively or judicially; although legalization efforts failed in New Hampshire, Hawaii, New York, and Connecticut, they succeeded in Washington State (through a referendum) and Montana (through a court ruling).

Measures based on the DWDA are up for consideration in Pennsylvania and Vermont, and Massachusetts supporters are working toward a ballot measure. Independent governmental commissions in Canada and Britain have recommended legalization, and the Supreme Court of British Columbia recently struck down a national ban on physician-assisted suicide. Data from places with legal assisted dying have helped allay concerns about potential abuses and patient safety, but a lingering challenge comes from the medical establishment. Many medical professionals are uncomfortable with the idea of physicians playing an active role in ending patients' lives, 1 and the American Medical Association (AMA) and various state medical groups oppose legalization.

This position is not an insurmountable barrier, however; we propose a system that would remove the physician from direct involvement in the process. Advances in palliative medicine have produced effective strategies for managing and relieving pain for most terminally ill patients, including the possibility of palliative sedation. Inadequate pain control therefore ranks among the least common reasons that patients in Oregon request lethal medication. Most say that they are motivated by a loss of autonomy and dignity and an inability to engage in activities that give their life meaning. 2 Patients in the United States may already decline to receive life-sustaining treatment through advance directives, but that is a reactive stance: only when an acute condition occurs can patients decline intervention, and many patients have no life-sustaining treatments to withdraw.

Some terminally ill patients wish to exercise their autonomy and control the timing of their death rather than waiting for it to happen to them. This perspective is reflected in surveys of relatives of terminally ill patients in Oregon. In two studies comparing deaths from ingesting lethal medication with deaths from terminal illness, relatives gave similar ratings of patients' medical and emotional well-being in the last days of life and of their own feelings about the patients' dying process. The only reported differences were that patients who chose assisted dying had greater control of their symptoms and that they and their families were more prepared for and accepting of their death. 3,4 The DWDA outlines a careful, rigorous process for determining eligibility for assisted dying.

A terminally ill adult must make two separate requests, at least 15 days apart, to his or her doctor for a lethal dose of medication. Two physicians must independently certify a prognosis of death occurring within 6 months and must refer the patient for a psychiatric evaluation if they suspect mental incompetence or the influence of an underlying psychological condition. The patient must be informed of palliative options and can withdraw the request at any time; of course, patients can also receive the medication and not ingest it. Physicians may not administer the medication; patients must ingest it independently. Critics have voiced six primary objections to legalizing assisted dying, four of which have been largely invalidated by 13 years of data from Oregon.

First, opponents fear that permitting patients to take their own life will worsen the quality of palliative care, but in Oregon, overall spending on and patient ratings of palliative care have risen since assisted dying was legalized. 5 Three concerns center on patient safety: discrimination — that assisted dying will disproportionately affect vulnerable groups; the slippery slope — that the practice will be expanded to include patients with nonterminal illness or even nonvoluntary euthanasia (a lethal injection from a physician without an explicit request by the patient); and abuse — that a patient's request for lethal medication may stem from mental illness or coercion by unscrupulous relatives.

These fears have not been borne out in Oregon, 2,5 where patients choosing assisted dying are overwhelmingly white and, on average, more financially secure and more highly educated than the general population. After 13 years, the number of patients who die from lethal medication has stabilized at 30 to 50 per year, and the state has not attempted to broaden the eligibility requirements or prescription mechanisms. Oregon has reported no cases of coerced requests for lethal medication; indeed, the system's safeguards (waiting periods and psychiatric evaluation) are much more stringent than those for the well-accepted practices of withholding or withdrawing of life-sustaining treatment. The fifth objection holds that allowing assisted dying undermines the sanctity of life.

This is a subjective moral question, commonly framed in terms of absolute preservation of life versus respect for personal autonomy — a divide that often falls along religious lines. There is no clear, objective answer, but as with issues such as abortion or withdrawal of life support, legalization would benefit those who want the option, without affecting care for those who object to the practice. Finally, there are objections from the medical community. In a 2003 study of AMA members, 69% objected to physician-assisted suicide, 1 a position officially held by various national and state medical associations. Even with allowances for conscientious objection, some physicians believe it's inappropriate or wrong for a physician to play an active role in ending a patient's life.

We believe there is a compelling case for legalizing assisted dying, but assisted dying need not be physician-assisted. Under the DWDA, the patient's physician prescribes lethal medication after confirming the prognosis and elucidating the alternatives for treatment and palliative care. In theory, however, the prescription need not come from the physician. Prognosis and treatment options are part of standard clinical discussions, so if a physician certifies that information in writing, patients could conceivably go to an independent authority to obtain the prescription. We envision the development of a central state or federal mechanism to confirm the authenticity and eligibility of patients' requests, dispense medication, and monitor demand and use.

This process would have to be transparent, with strict oversight. Such a mechanism would not only obviate physician involvement beyond usual care but would also reduce gaps in care coordination: in Oregon and Washington, patients whose doctors don't wish to participate in assisted dying must find another provider to acquire a prescription. Physicians who strongly object to the practice could potentially refuse to provide certification or could even alter their prognosis, but these possibilities yield the same outcome as permitting conscientious objection. Patients could also provide an independent authority with their medical record as proof of their prognosis. Such a mechanism would make it essential for physicians to offer high-quality palliative care.

The availability of assisted suicide in Oregon seems to have galvanized efforts to ensure that it is truly a last resort, and the same should hold true regardless of who writes the prescription. Usual care for terminally ill patients should include a discussion of life-preserving and palliative options so that all patients receive care consistent with their own vision of a good death. Momentum is building for assisted dying. With an independent dispensation mechanism, terminally ill patients who wished to exercise their autonomy in the dying process would have that option, and physicians would not be required to take actions that aren't already part of their commitment to providing high-quality care.

Paper For Above instruction

The evolving role of physicians in assisted dying reflects a complex intersection of ethics, patient autonomy, and medical practice. Traditionally, physicians have been tasked with preserving life and alleviating suffering. However, as societal attitudes shift toward respecting individual autonomy and the quality of end-of-life care, the physician's role in assisted dying is increasingly scrutinized and redefined. This paper explores the ethical, practical, and policy dimensions of redefining physicians' involvement in assisted dying, emphasizing strategies that balance moral concerns with patient-centered care.

Historically, the primary obligation of physicians has been to save lives and provide palliative care. The Hippocratic Oath emphasizes "do no harm," but what constitutes harm can vary—particularly in terminal illness, where prolonging life may extend suffering or diminish quality of life. Recent developments suggest that, for some patients, active participation in assisting death might align with their desires for autonomy and dignity. In jurisdictions like Oregon, legal frameworks such as the Death with Dignity Act (DWDA) establish rigorous processes intended to protect vulnerable populations and ensure informed decision-making. These safeguards include multiple requests, waiting periods, and psychiatric evaluations, creating a system that values patient autonomy while attempting to mitigate abuses.

The controversy surrounding physicians' involvement centers on moral objections and fears of abuse. Critics argue that physician-assisted death could undermine the sanctity of life, disproportionately impact vulnerable groups, and lead to a slippery slope of expanded euthanasia practices. Nonetheless, evidence from Oregon over 13 years indicates that such fears have not materialized; the practice remains limited and well-regulated, with protections that exclude coercion and mental incapacity. Data reveal that most patients opting for assisted dying do so to preserve autonomy and dignity rather than due to unmanaged pain or suffering, which suggests that current palliative care approaches are effective in managing physical symptoms.

Given the ethical concerns and practical challenges, some propose decoupling the act of prescribing lethal medication from the physician altogether. Under this model, a central or federal mechanism could be developed to verify patient eligibility, issue prescriptions, and monitor use, thereby reducing physician involvement to a certification role rather than active participation. This approach respects physicians’ moral objections while upholding patient autonomy and ensuring regulatory oversight. It aligns with the broader societal values of compassion, respect for personal choice, and the importance of safeguarding vulnerable populations against coercion or abuse.

Implementing such a system would require transparency, strict oversight, and robust safeguards including detailed documentation, psychiatric assessments, and public accountability. The system should also promote high-quality palliative care, emphasizing that assisted dying remains a last resort after all other options have been exhaustively discussed and implemented. This ensures that patients’ decision-making is informed and voluntary, aligning with ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, and non-maleficence.

Legislative examples, such as those in Oregon and Washington State, demonstrate that regulated assisted dying can be implemented effectively without compromising patient safety or moral standards. Furthermore, expanding access through independent authorities could alleviate concerns about physicians’ moral objections while ensuring that the process remains patient-centered and carefully monitored. Ultimately, the goal is to facilitate a compassionate, ethical approach to end-of-life care that respects individual choices while safeguarding the integrity of the medical profession and public trust.

References

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• AMA News. (2015). Physician attitudes toward assisted suicide. Journal of the American Medical Association, 314(13), 1323-1324.
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