Purpose: Infectious Disease Occurs Worldwide And Must Be Add ✓ Solved

Purposeinfectious Disease Occurs Worldwide And Must Be Addressed Just

Apply the concepts of population health and epidemiology to one infectious disease from the list provided: Community Acquired Pneumonia, Infectious Diarrhea, Hepatitis B, Tick-borne Encephalitis, or Salmonella. Synthesize course content from Weeks 1-5 in the following sections: a comprehensive introduction of the disease including causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment, and demographic data (mortality, morbidity, incidence, prevalence), especially focusing on at-risk populations; an analysis of determinants of health related to disease development utilizing Healthy People 2020 (HP2020); an in-depth description of the epidemiological triad involving host, agent, and environmental factors; and a succinct but thorough discussion of the nurse practitioner's role in the management of infectious diseases, aligned with a national nursing organization’s standards, including surveillance, interventions, reporting, data collection and analysis, and follow-up, emphasizing an evidence-based practice model.

The written assessment should be created in Microsoft Word™, limited to four pages excluding the title and references, and include a minimum of three scholarly references published within the last five years, in APA format, with in-text citations and a reference list. The paper should be free of spelling, grammar, and voice errors and follow APA format as outlined in the current manual, including proper headings and structure. Late submissions incur deductions of 10% per day, up to three days late, after which the grade becomes zero.

Sample Paper For Above instruction

Introduction

For this assignment, I chose to explore Hepatitis B (HBV), a significant global infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus. HBV is primarily transmitted through blood and bodily fluids, including sexual contact, perinatal transmission, and exposure to contaminated needles. The disease manifests with symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and in chronic cases, can lead to severe complications like cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (WHO, 2020). Globally, over 296 million people were living with chronic Hepatitis B in 2019, with considerable variation across demographics. In the United States, an estimated 862,000 individuals are chronically infected, with higher prevalence among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, reflecting racial and ethnic disparities (CDC, 2021). The disease affects both genders, though males tend to develop more severe outcomes. Incidence rates are declining due to vaccination programs; however, morbidity and mortality remain substantial, especially among infants and immunocompromised populations. Mortality data indicates approximately 887,000 deaths annually worldwide (WHO, 2020).

Symptoms vary, and many individuals remain asymptomatic, which complicates early detection and management. Chronic HBV can result in liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma, emphasizing the importance of early intervention and vaccination strategies (Lok & McMahon, 2020). The demographic data highlight the need for targeted public health efforts to reduce disparities and improve screening and vaccination outreach to at-risk populations based on race, age, and socioeconomic status.

Determinants of Health

Determinants of health significantly influence the development and progression of Hepatitis B. Socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, vaccination coverage, educational level, and cultural beliefs all play roles. Low socioeconomic status often correlates with limited access to preventive services like HBV vaccination, increasing susceptibility (Braveman et al., 2019). Cultural factors may influence health-seeking behaviors and vaccine acceptance, especially in immigrant populations. The availability of healthcare services and health literacy directly impact early diagnosis and management. According to Healthy People 2020, priorities include increasing hepatitis B vaccination coverage, improving screening among high-risk populations, and reducing disparities in health outcomes (HHS, 2020). Environmental factors such as availability of safe injection practices and occupational exposure also affect disease development.

Epidemiological Triad

The epidemiological triad for Hepatitis B involves three interconnected components:

  • Host Factors: Demographics such as age, race, and immune status influence susceptibility. Infants and young children are more vulnerable, especially those in households with infected individuals (Lok & McMahon, 2020). Certain occupational groups, like healthcare workers, are at increased risk due to exposure.
  • Agent Factors: The hepatitis B virus is a resilient DNA virus capable of surviving outside the body for at least 7 days, enabling transmission via contaminated surfaces or equipment. Presence of the virus in bodily fluids and vaccine availability impact disease transmission and control (WHO, 2020).
  • Environmental Factors: Poor sanitation, unsafe healthcare practices, and lack of vaccination programs contribute to increased transmission. Socioeconomic factors, healthcare infrastructure deficiencies, and cultural practices may also influence environmental risk factors (Hutin et al., 2011).

This triad highlights the need for multifaceted prevention strategies, including vaccination, safe healthcare practices, and education tailored to specific populations.

Role of the Nurse Practitioner

Nurse practitioners (NPs) play a crucial role in managing Hepatitis B through a comprehensive, evidence-based approach aligned with the American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP) standards. Their role encompasses disease surveillance, screening, vaccination, education, and follow-up care. NPs facilitate early detection by conducting assessments and ordering appropriate laboratory tests. They administer vaccines and promote immunization, especially among at-risk populations such as immigrants and individuals with high-risk behaviors (AANP, 2020). Moreover, NPs participate in community outreach to improve vaccination rates and health literacy. They also monitor disease outcomes, manage complications, and collaborate with public health agencies for reporting and data collection (Brown et al., 2022). Implementing models of care like the Chronic Care Model supports continuous care for chronic infections. NPs' evidence-based practices improve health outcomes by combining patient education, vaccination, and early intervention, reducing disease burden and preventing transmission.

References

  • American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP). (2020). Nurse Practitioner Role in Infectious Disease Management. AANP Journal.
  • Braveman, P., et al. (2019). Social determinants of health: the solid facts. WHO.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021). Epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis B. CDC Reports.
  • HHS. (2020). Healthy People 2020: Hepatitis Vaccination Objectives. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
  • Hutin, Y. J., et al. (2011). Hepatitis B Virus Transmission in Healthcare Settings. Vaccine Journal, 29, B31–B33.
  • Lok, A. S. F., & McMahon, B. J. (2020). Chronic hepatitis B: Updated management strategies. Hepatology, 71(3), 633–654.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Global hepatitis report 2020. WHO Publications.

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