Study Worksheet 5: All Of The Following Are True About Paran

Study Worksheet5 All Of The Following Are True About Paraneoplastic

Study Worksheet: 5. All of the following are true about paraneoplastic syndromes except: a. Commonly caused by hormones or immune response set off by the tumor. b. May be the earliest symptom of an unknown cancer c. Is the consequence caused of cancer in the body, as a constellation of symptoms d. Is a disease or symptom related to the local presence of cancer cells

Answer: A

Hodgkin disease most commonly presents with: a. An enlarged painless inguinal lymph node b. An elevated total WBC count c. An increase in Reed-Sternberg cells in the peripheral blood d. An enlarged painless cervical lymph node

Answer: A

Anaplasia refers to: a. Atypical mitosis b. Tendency to develop necrosis c. Uncontrolled cell growth d. Lack of cellular differentiation

Answer: D

Tumor Suppressor Genes: a. Have the ability to transform a normal cell into a cancerous cell b. Regulate growth and development c. Produce proteins that inhibit cellular division d. Can develop from proto-oncogenes

Answer: C

Which of the following is not one of the most common childhood cancers? a. Leukemia b. Sarcoma c. Embryonic d. Adenoma

Answer: D

English 101 Manifesto: A manifesto is a written statement that describes the policies, goals, and opinions of a person or group. For this essay, you will write your own personal manifesto about a topic you feel strongly about. Support your points with personal experiences. Follow guidelines including clarity, conciseness, detailed experiences, developing and describing your experiences, and staying on topic without being wishy-washy. Focus on developing and describing experiences to help the audience understand your perspective. Expect to be misunderstood and be authentic.

Format: Minimum 3 pages, double-spaced, 1-inch margins, 12-point Times New Roman font, centered title, MLA heading, page numbers. No cover page. Drafts and outlines are due on specified dates. The assignment assesses descriptive language, logical organization, and clarity. Use vivid adjectives and adverbs, and ensure smooth flow for readability.

Outline Due Date: September 18, 11:59 p.m.

Draft #1 Due: September 25, 11:59 p.m.

Peer Review: October 2 (bring 3 copies).

Grading Criteria: Use of descriptive words, organization, supporting anecdotes, narrative arc, coherence, and mechanical correctness.

English 101 Sensory Detail Memoir: Choose a place or thing. Describe it in rich detail to evoke memories and create a vivid mental picture. Include why it is meaningful, with a narrative arc, tension or complication, and sensory descriptions to support your story. Conclude with a big-picture idea. Format: minimum 3 pages, double-spaced, 1-inch margins, Times New Roman 12-point font, centered title, MLA heading, page numbers. No cover page. Submit all drafts and outlines typed. Use descriptive language and ensure clarity and flow.

Lung Cancer Overview: Lung cancer—both small cell and non-small cell—is the leading cause of cancer-related death, accounting for approximately 25% of all cancer deaths (American Cancer Society, 2020). The two main types include non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), distinguished by their cellular origin and behavior (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). These types arise from specific epithelial cells in the lungs: ciliated cells, goblet cells, basal cells, club cells, and neuroendocrine cells (Whitsett, 2018).

In healthy lungs, these epithelial cells perform specific functions. Goblet cells secrete mucin and inflammatory mediators; club cells protect the bronchiolar epithelium and serve as progenitors for ciliated cells. Mutations or environmental factors may induce uncontrolled proliferation, leading to tumors. As tumors grow, they induce angiogenesis, and malignant cells break through basement membranes, leading to metastasis (McCance & Huether, 2019). Metastatic spread can affect mediastinal lymph nodes, lung pleura, heart, liver, brain, and bones (McCance & Huether, 2019).

Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) originates from neuroendocrine cells and accounts for about 15% of lung cancers. SCLC tends to be aggressive, with rapid growth and early metastasis, often confined initially to the hemithorax, mediastinum, or supraclavicular lymph nodes (National Cancer Institute, 2020). It is characterized by small, poorly differentiated cells with neuroendocrine markers such as synaptophysin and calcitonin gene-related peptide (Cheng & Nikitin, 2011).

In contrast, NSCLC includes adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, carcinoid tumors, and large cell carcinomas, comprising the majority of lung cancers. Adenocarcinomas, which generate mucins, account for approximately 40% and can occur in both smokers and non-smokers, particularly women (National Cancer Institute, 2020). Squamous cell carcinomas are composed of large, keratin-producing cells typically associated with smoking males. Carcinoid tumors arise from mature neuroendocrine cells and account for around 10%, whereas large cell carcinomas are about 5%, showing large, poorly differentiated cells with glandular or squamous features (McCance & Huether, 2019).

The aggressive nature of SCLC, its rapid proliferation, and early metastasis distinguish it from NSCLC, which tends to grow more slowly and allows for different treatment approaches. The distinction is vital for prognosis and tailoring therapy, and the origin of epithelial cells plays a significant role in determining the histological and clinical features (Moffitt Cancer Center, 2018). Smoking remains the most significant risk factor, with a higher incidence among males with a history of tobacco use, though lung cancer is increasingly diagnosed in non-smokers, especially women (National Cancer Institute, 2020).

References

  • American Cancer Society. (2020). What is lung cancer? Retrieved from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer.html
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). What is lung cancer? Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/basic_info/index.htm
  • Cheng, C. Y., & Nikitin, A. (2011). Neuroendocrine cells: Potential cells of origin for small cell lung carcinoma. Cell Cycle, 10(21), 3560–3565. https://doi.org/10.4161/cc.10.21.18034
  • McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). Elsevier.
  • Moffitt Cancer Center. (2018). Types of lung cancer. Retrieved from https://moffitt.org/cancer-types/lung-cancer/
  • National Cancer Institute. (2020). Lung cancer—health professional version. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/hp/lung-treatment-pdq
  • Rowbotham, S. P., & Kim, C. F. (2014). Diverse cells at the origin of lung adenocarcinoma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(8), 2834–2839. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323240111
  • Sutherland, K. D., & Berns, A. (2010). Cell of origin of lung cancer. Molecular Oncology, 4(3), 283–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2010.05.002
  • Whitsett, J. (2018). Airway epithelial differentiation and mucociliary clearance. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 15(1), 1–6.

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