Unit II Homework: Cancer And Genetics Introduction In Order ✓ Solved

Unit Ii Homeworkcancer And Geneticsintroductionin Order For Organisms

In order for organisms to grow, repair, maintain, and reproduce, cells undergo cell division. Sometimes, cells uncontrollably divide, resulting in cancer. The assignment involves exploring normal cell division, comparing it to cancer cell division, and understanding the causes, types, effects, risk factors, and treatments related to cancer. Students will visit specified websites, answer questions about the cell cycle stages, cancer risk factors, types, and symptoms, analyze cell division data from tissue samples, and learn about cancer statistics and prevention strategies.

Sample Paper For Above instruction

Cancer is a complex disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division, which leads to tumor formation and potential metastasis. Understanding normal cell division processes, such as mitosis, provides the foundation for recognizing how their dysregulation results in cancer. Mitosis involves several stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, each coordinating the orderly division of genetic material into two daughter cells. The cell cycle also includes interphase, during which DNA replication occurs. Cells in interphase prepare for division, with DNA copying happening primarily during the S phase. Cancer cells often exhibit dysregulated control over these stages, leading to rapid and unchecked proliferation.

The significance of cell cycle regulation is emphasized by how defects in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes can lead to carcinogenesis. Risk factors such as exposure to cigarette smoke increase the likelihood of developing cancers, particularly lung cancer, which is linked to carcinogens in tobacco smoke. Age is a major factor, with risks increasing significantly after age 55 for certain cancers, such as stomach cancer. Men are often less susceptible to specific cancers like breast cancer, which predominantly affects women, though males can develop it too. The complexity of cancer types requires tailored strategies for treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies.

Data collected from tissue samples reveal differences between normal and cancerous tissues. Cancer cells tend to have a higher percentage of cells in mitosis, resulting in increased cell division rates. The mitotic index, calculated as the ratio of dividing cells to total cells, is higher in cancerous tissues, indicating rapid growth. Conversely, normal tissues maintain a balance with a larger proportion of resting cells, which contributes to tissue homeostasis.

Understanding the epidemiology of cancer is critical in addressing public health. Statistically, millions of Americans are diagnosed with cancer annually, emphasizing the disease's impact. Causes of cancer include genetic mutations, environmental exposures, and lifestyle factors. Cancer is named according to the tissue or organ of origin, such as breast, lung, colon, or prostate cancer. Symptoms vary but often include lumps, abnormal bleeding, persistent pain, or fatigue.

Prevention and awareness strategies are vital in the fight against cancer. Lifestyle modifications, such as quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy diet, and regular screenings, can significantly reduce risk. Community involvement and advocacy are also essential for funding research and increasing awareness about early detection and treatment options.

References

• American Cancer Society. (2023). Cancer Facts & Figures 2023. https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics.html
• Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., et al. (2019). Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). Garland Science.
• World Health Organization. (2022). Cancer. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer
• Hanahan, D., & Weinberg, R. A. (2011). Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation. Cell, 144(5), 646-674.
• Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., & Jemal, A. (2020). Cancer statistics, 2020. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 70(1), 7-30.
• National Cancer Institute. (2022). Cancer Types. https://www.cancer.gov/types
• American Society of Hematology. (2021). How cancer develops. https://www.hematology.org/education/white-papers/how-cancer-develops
• Reed, E. (2020). Molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and implications for therapy. Cell Death & Differentiation, 27(4), 1179-1194.
• Gupta, S., & Kumar, S. (2020). Environmental factors and cancer risk. Oncology Reviews, 14(1), 434.
• DeVita, V. T., Lawrence, T. S., & Rosenberg, S. A. (2018). DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.