Which Of The Following Statements Is True About Ethical Deci

which Of The Following Statements Is True About Ethical Deci

Question 1 which Of The Following Statements Is True About Ethical DeciQuestion 1which Of The Following Statements Is True About Ethical DeciQuestion 1 Which of the following statements is true about ethical decision making in business? A. It is limited to the type of major corporate decisions with social consequences. B. It should rely on the personal values and principles of the individuals involved C. It involves significant general policy issues that affect entire organizations. D. Every employee, except workers in a process-oriented organization, will be faced with an issue that will require ethical decision making. Question 2 Which of the following best describes a business stakeholder? A. Anyone who affects or is affected by decisions made within a firm. B. Anyone who has acquired significant shareholding in a firm. C. Anyone with a controlling interest in a firm. D. Minority shareholders in a business entity. Question 3 The aspect of business ethics that examines business institutions from a social rather than an individual perspective is referred to as: A. institutionalized ethical responsibility. B. corporate cultural responsibility. C. decision making for social responsibility. D. institutional morality. Question 4 Kathy, your best friend and class mate, asks you to help her with a challenging ethical predicament. Which of the following would be your first step in the decision making process? A. Identifying the ethical issue B. Considering the available alternatives C. Determining the facts of the situation D. Making the decision Question 5 Which of the following statements reflects the concept of normative myopia? A. "I was so involved in our debate that I missed the red light. We need to limit our conversations in the car." B. "I may have exaggerated the features of the product to get this sale. You knew how important this deal was for me." C. "Brad met with an accident because he was drunk while driving. I hope he has learnt his lesson." D. "I never expected Draco to steal from me; he has been my friend for so long." Question 6 In the ethical decision-making process, once we have examined the facts and identified the ethical issues involved, we should next: A. make the decision. B. consider the available alternatives. C. identify stakeholders. D. monitor and learn from the outcomes. Question 7 Which of the following explains the term "satisficing?" A. Considering limited alternatives while making decisions. B. Selecting the alternative that meets minimum decision criteria. C. Following simplified decision rules. D. Selecting the alternative simply because it is the easy way out. Question 8 Ethical reasoning falls into three major categories. Identify them. A. Utility, virtue, and values B. Universal rights, values, and moral principles C. Personal character, consequences, and principles D. Universal rights, cultural norms, and mores Question 9 The study of various character traits that can contribute to, or obstruct, a happy and meaningful human life is part of: A. philosophical ethics. B. virtue ethics. C. deontological ethics. D. utilitarianism. Question 10 Utilitarianism has been called a(n): A. consequentialist approach to ethics. B. behavioral approach to ethics. C. commonsensical approach to ethics. D. intuitive approach to ethics. Question 11 Which of the following traditions would support child labor because it produces better overall consequences than the available alternatives? A. Virtue ethics B. Deontological ethics C. Utilitarianism D. Classicism Question 12 Economists that view profit maximization as a central idea to corporate social responsibility are following the: A. Kantian framework of ethics. B. utilitarian framework of ethics. C. deontological framework of ethics. D. virtue-based framework of ethics. Question 13 Which of the following is true about corporate culture? A. Corporate cultures shape the people of the organization, without getting affected by them. B. Corporate cultures are generally static, but can be changed by voluntary action of the top managers. C. Corporate cultures can hinder individuals in making the "right" decisions. D. Corporate Cultures cannot hinder individuals in making the “right” decisions. Question 14 Which of the following statements is true about ethical corporate cultures? A. Ethical organizational culture cannot have a direct impact on the bottom line. B. If attended to and supported, a strong ethical culture can serve as a deterrent to stakeholder damage. C. Even if ignored, organizational culture could reinforce a perception that "anything goes," and "any way to a better bottom line is acceptable," building long-term sustainability. D. The responsibility for creating and sustaining ethical corporate cultures rests on law enforcement agencies. Question 15 Which of the following is true about corporate culture? A. An integrity-based culture is one that reinforces a particular set of rules. B. A compliance culture is only as strong and as precise as the rules that workers are expected to follow. C. Values-based organizations do not include a compliance structure. D. A values-based culture emphasizes obedience to the rules as the primary responsibility of ethics. Question 16 Which of the following involves the disclosure of unethical or illegal activities to someone who is in a position to take action to prevent or punish the wrongdoing? A. Gentrification B. Redlining C. Whistleblowing D. Flyposting Question 17 The law has created a form of business that limits the liability of individuals for the risks involved in business activities. Identify the form of business. A. Corporation B. Partnership C. Limited partnership D. Proprietorship Question 18 Which of the following is true about the economic model of CSR? A. It holds that businesses should not only pursue profits, but it should also do its part for environment sustainability. B. It has its roots in the Kantian tradition of ethics. C. According to this model, profit is a direct measure of how well a business firm is meeting society's expectations. D. It holds that social goals should be at the heart of a firm's mission. Question 19 "Just as individuals have no ethical obligation to contribute to charity or to do volunteer work in their community, business has no ethical obligations to serve wider social goods. But, just as charity is a good thing and something that we all want to encourage, business should be encouraged to contribute to society in ways that go beyond the narrow obligations of law and economics." Identify the model of CSR that reflects this line of thought. A. Integrative model B. Stakeholder theory C. Philanthropic model D. Social Web model Question 20 Philosophers distinguish between three different types of responsibilities. The most demanding responsibility is often called duty or obligation in order to indicate that they oblige us in the strictest sense. Identify this responsibility. A. A business should not sell a product that causes harm to consumers. B. A business should volunteer for society or environment-friendly work. C. A business should engage in charitable work for the development of the society. D. A business should prevent harm even in those cases where it is not the cause. Question 21 The practice of attending to the "image" of a firm is referred to as: A. crisis management. B. branding. C. reputation management. D. gentrification. Question 22 Identify the correct statement about "bullying." A. The mistreatment of an employee needs to be physically threatening to be termed as bullying. B. Bullying does not involve a boss who is constantly yelling dictates at workers because that is his job. C. When a coworker spreads rumors about another in order to sabotage his position, he is not bullying because he is not higher than the other employee in the hierarchy of authority. D. Bullying can lead to a complete loss of personal dignity, intimidation, and fear. Question 23 Identify the doctrine which holds that employers are free to fire an employee at any time and for any reason, unless an agreement specifies otherwise. A. The doctrine of estoppel B. The doctrine of constructive notice C. The doctrine of employment at will D. The doctrine of constructive dismissal Question 24 During the process of downsizing, allowing a worker to remain in a position for a period of time once she or he has been notified of impending termination might not be the best option. Identify the correct justification for this statement. A. Workers will interpret early notice as an effort to allow them time to come to grips with the loss of their jobs. B. Terminated workers will not be inclined to put their best effort, which might result in lost revenues. C. Terminated workers may interpret early notice as an effort to get the most out of them before departure. D. Workers who are not terminated will have a bad impression about the organization for terminating their coworkers. Question 25 Which of the following is discrimination against those traditionally considered to be in power or the majority? A. Reverse discrimination B. Affirmative action C. Inverse discrimination D. Converse discrimination

Paper For Above instruction

Ethical decision-making constitutes a cornerstone of responsible business practice, encompassing a complex interplay of moral principles, organizational policies, and societal expectations. Recognizing the nature and scope of ethical decisions in business is fundamental for fostering integrity, trust, and sustainability. This paper explores key concepts related to ethical decision-making, the role of stakeholders, corporate culture, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and relevant ethical frameworks. It emphasizes the importance of a structured approach to ethical dilemmas and underscores the influence of organizational culture and societal values in shaping responsible conduct within business environments.

Ethical decision-making in business is multifaceted, involving more than just major corporate decisions with social consequences. While it encompasses broad policy issues, it also directly affects everyday interactions among employees, management, and stakeholders. According to Ferrell and Fraedrich (2019), ethics in business extends beyond legal compliance, requiring individuals and organizations to operate according to moral standards that promote fairness and respect. A crucial aspect of ethical decision-making is understanding that it is not limited solely to high-stakes decisions but includes routine interactions that impact stakeholders and the organization’s reputation.

A fundamental concept in understanding business ethics is the stakeholder theory, which broadens the scope of accountability beyond shareholders to include anyone affected by corporate actions. Freeman (1984) articulated that stakeholders are anyone who affects or is affected by corporate decisions, emphasizing that organizations must consider diverse interests, including employees, customers, suppliers, communities, and the environment. This stakeholder perspective drives ethical considerations by ensuring that decisions do not solely prioritize profit but also account for social and environmental implications.

From a social perspective, the examination of business institutions involves institutionalized ethical responsibility and corporate culture. Institutionalized responsibility involves embedding ethical values into organizational policies and practices, ensuring that a firm's operational behaviors align with societal expectations (Cochran & Wood, 1984). Corporate culture, which shapes the shared values and norms within an organization, significantly influences ethical behavior. Strong ethical cultures can foster responsible decision-making, whereas cultures that prioritize profits over ethical standards may inadvertently promote unethical conduct (Schein, 2010).

Understanding the process of ethical decision-making is critical. When faced with an ethical dilemma, the first step involves identifying the ethical issue, followed by clarifying the facts of the situation and considering available alternatives (Trevino & Nelson, 2021). Recognizing normative myopia—a tendency to overlook ethical considerations because of involvement in persuasive or emotionally charged situations—can impair ethical judgment. Normative myopia often leads to rationalizations that justify unethical behaviors, undermining responsible decision-making (Billikopf, 2019).

Once the ethical issues are identified, decision-makers should evaluate potential actions based on ethical frameworks. Utilitarianism, a consequentialist approach, evaluates choices based on their outcomes, seeking to maximize overall happiness or utility (Mill, 1863). Conversely, virtue ethics emphasizes the character traits and moral virtues that individuals should cultivate to act ethically (Aristotle, 384–322 BC). Deontological ethics, rooted in Kantian philosophy, stresses adherence to moral duties and principles regardless of outcomes (Kant, 1785). These contrasting frameworks provide diverse lenses through which ethical problems can be analyzed.

The concept of satisficing—introduced by Herbert Simon—relates to decision-making that seeks a satisfactory rather than optimal outcome by considering limited alternatives. This approach recognizes the limitations of human cognition and emphasizes pragmatic decision-making, often employed in complex ethical dilemmas where exhaustive analysis may be impractical (Simon, 1956). Ethical reasoning, therefore, can be classified into categories such as utilitarianism, virtue ethics, and deontology, each offering distinct methods for evaluating moral issues (Beauchamp & Childress, 2019).

Business ethics also examines the cultural aspects that influence organizational behavior. Corporate culture can be either ethics-driven or compliance-driven. An ethical corporate culture promotes moral values and integrity, impacting long-term sustainability and stakeholder trust (Schein, 2010). Conversely, compliance cultures focus on following rules, which can sometimes foster a “rule obedience” mindset rather than genuine ethical commitment. Strengthening ethical culture involves leadership commitment, clear policies, and ongoing employee training and engagement (Ferrell et al., 2019).

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) reflects organizations’ obligations to society beyond profit-making. The economic model of CSR, rooted in utilitarian principles, argues that businesses should pursue social good when such actions lead to net benefits for society, aligning with stakeholder interests (Carroll, 1999). The philanthropic model, another approach, encourages businesses to contribute voluntarily to social causes, emphasizing corporate philanthropy and community engagement (Davis, 1973). Meanwhile, the integrative model advocates for aligning CSR with core business strategies, recognizing that responsible conduct enhances long-term profitability and legitimacy.

Ethical dilemmas in the workplace, such as bullying, whistleblowing, or discrimination, also demand careful ethical reasoning. Bullying, characterized by repeated mistreatment and intimidation leading to loss of dignity, can severely impact employee morale and organizational climate (Einarsen et al., 2011). Whistleblowing involves exposing unethical or illegal activities, requiring courage and integrity, and is vital for accountability (Near & Miceli, 1985). Discriminatory practices, such as reverse discrimination, challenge organizations to balance fairness with equitable treatment, taking into account the complexities of social justice and historical injustices (Bhopal, 2012).

Legal frameworks also influence ethical decision-making. The doctrine of employment at will permits employers to dismiss employees at any time for any reason, barring contractual or statutory protections (Cressman, 2015). During downsizing, timely notices or allowing workers to remain employed until a specified period can have ethical implications, affecting morale and perceptions of organizational fairness (Greenberg, 1990). Finally, the discrimination against majority groups, often termed reverse discrimination, raises questions about fairness, equity, and affirmative action policies within organizational ethics (Dworkin & Ginsburg, 1977).

In conclusion, ethical decision-making in business entails a comprehensive understanding of moral principles, stakeholder interests, organizational culture, and societal expectations. Employing ethical frameworks such as utilitarianism, virtue ethics, and deontology guides responsible choices. Fostering an ethical organizational culture and engaging in social responsibility initiatives not only enhances reputation but also ensures sustainable success. Legal and social considerations further shape the ethical landscape of modern business practices, emphasizing the need for integrity, accountability, and continuous ethical reflection.

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